Gerund and Infinitive

1.  Adjectives followed by the infinitive.

Examples :
He was surprised to see his computer shutting down.

2. Gerunds as Subject (subject).

Gerunds can appear at the beginning of a sentence when used as a subject. The real subject is a noun. If there is a verb that is positioned as a subject, then the verb must be changed to a noun (gerund). Add to the verb that is the subject.

Example:

Singing is my favorite hobby, (Singing is usually a verb, but this is the name of an activity.)

working too long makes them bored

3.Direct Object

The same applies to the points above. These objects are sometimes also formed by nouns. If the object of your sentence is a type of verb, then add ING to the verb.
Example :

I enjoyed my travelling this year. (The subject's direct object is "my traveller this year.")

I don't mind visiting you

4.  Object of Preposition

Gerund as a preposition object placed after the preposition. Prepositions that are often used are from, on, no, with, without, at for, after, before, because, to, like, about, for, by, in,
Example :

He is good at dancing korean

I’m interested in reading book

Some people consider my interest in traveling an obsession

5. Gerund as Subject complement

Gerund as a complement to the subject in a sentence is usually always preceded as a complementary subject between and subjective

Example:

My favorite hobby is Singing.

My favorite activity is working to get lot of money.

6.Used after posessive
Example :

I don’t mind her smoking here.

I will finish my reading later.

7. Forming nouns
Examples :

Let’s go to shoping in the market.

My grandma lost his walking  stick.

16 Tenses in English Grammar

Verb tenses show us when an action takes place: in the present, past or future. Each of the three main tenses has a progressive, perfect and perfect progressive aspect which give us more information about the time, progression or completion of an action.

  1.    Simple Present Tenses

The simple present is a verb tense with two main uses. We use the simple present tense when an action is happening right now or when it happens regularly (or unceasingly, everyday habits). The characteristic features of his statement include, every day, every Sunday, every year, every week.

Nominal Formulas

• I/You/We/They   +   To Be (am/are)
• He/She/it    +    To Be (is)

Example :

•      Iam here every Sunday
•     They are at home every morning.

Verbal Formulas 

I/You/We/ They   +   V I

He/She/it   +   VI (s/es)

(+) S + Verb/ Verb-s/es + Complement

(-) S + Do/does not + Verb1 + Complement

(?) Do/ does + S + Verb1 + Complement ?

Example :

·         (+)  They go to the beach on Monday

·         (-) They don’t go to the beach on Monday

·         (?) Do they go to the beach on Monday?

  2.    Present continues Tenses

The present continuous verb tense indicates that an action or condition is happening now, frequently, and may continue into the future.

Formulas :

I/ You/We/They/ We  + To Be (am/are) + V I (ing)

He/ She/it + To Be (is) + V I (ing)

(+) S + to be (am/are/is) + Verb-ing  + O

(-) S + to be (am/are/is) + Not + V(ing) + O

(?) to be (Am/are/is)  + S + Ving + O

Example :

§  (+)My father is reading a newspaper right now.
§  (-) My father is not reading a newspaper right now.
§  (?) Is my father reading a newspaper right now?

   3.      Present Perfect tenses

§              Present perfect tense refers to an action or state that either occurred at an indefinite time in the past

      (e.g., we have talked before) or began in the past and continued to the present time (e.g., he has grown impatient over the last hour). This tense is formed by have/has + the past participle. action that has just been completed completed action with influence on the present an action that has never/once/more than once taken place up to the time of speaking (example : already, ever, just, never, not yet, so far, till now, up to now).

Nominal Formulas :

I/we/you/ they  + Have + been

He/She/ it   +  Has   +   been

Example :

(+) We have been to Singapore

(-) We have not been to Singapore

(?) Have they been to Singapore 

   4.  Present Perfect Continues Tenses.

       

       Present perfect continues tenses are a form of time used to express a past event and last until now and that event may still be carried out in the future.

§  Time signal such as for, sinve long, how, the whole day, all afternoon, for over two year

§  The use of the present perfect continues is to express a work or situation that is temporary

§  The present perfect continues function is also to talk about a work that began in the past and has just been completed

Formulas 

     (+)  S + have/has + been + V-ing

     (-)   S + have/has + not been + V-ing

     (?) have/has + S + been + V-ing ?

Examples :

(+) Fino has been training English for year.

(-) Fino has been not training English for year.

(?) Has been Fino training English for year 

5. Simple Past Tenses

The simple past is a verb tense that is used to talk about things that happened or existed before now. Imagine someone asks what your brother Wolfgang did while he was in town last weekend. The simple past tense shows that you are talking about something that has already happened. Unlike the past continuous tense, which is used to talk about past events that happened over a period of time, the simple past tense emphasizes that the action is finished.

• a single or repeated action in the past
• actions happening one after the other in the past
• a new action that interrupts an action that was already taking place
• yesterday, 2 minutes ago, in 1990, the other day, last Friday 
  if-clause type II (If I talked, …)    

Formulas :

(+) S + V2 + O

(-) S + did not  + V2 + O

(?) did + S + V1 + O

Example :

(+) They were happy last week

(-) They were not happy last week

(?) Were they happy last week ?

Example :

(+) We gave her a doll for her birthday

(-) We didn’t give her a dol for her birthday

(?) Did we give her a dol for her birthday ?

Nominal formulas :

You/ They/ We  +  To Be (ware)

 I/ She/ He/ it  +  To be (was)

Example :

(+) They were happy last week

(-) They were not happy last week

(?) Were they happy last week ?

Verbal form :

I /You/We/They/He/She/it + VII

Example :

(+) We gave her a doll for her birthday

(-) We didn’t give her a dol for her birthday

(?) Did we give her a dol for her birthday ?

    6. Past Continues Tense

Past progressive tense describe a past action which was happening when another action occured.
This tense is formed by using was/were with the verb form ending in-ing.

• emphasis on the process of an action taking place in the past
• multiple actions taking place at the same time
• an action that was taking place when interrupted by a new action
• while, as long as

Formulas :

(+) S + to be (was,were) Ving + O

(-) S + to be (was,were) + not + Ving + O

(?) to be (was,were) + S + Ving + O

Example :

(+) He was studying this morning

(-) He was Not Studying this morning

(?) Was he Studying this morning.

    7.  Past Perfect Tense

Past perfect tense is used to show the work done earlier than past tense.

• action taking place before a certain time in the past
• sometimes interchangeable with past perfect progressive
• emphasises only the fact that something took place before a certain point in the past
• already, just, never, not yet, once, until that day 
  if-clause type III (If I had talked, …)

Formulas :

(+) S + Had + V3 + O

(-) S + had + not + V3 + O

(?) had + S + V3 + O

Example :

(+) Johan had married before he went to Spain

(-) Johan had not married before he went to spain

(?) Had Johan married before he went to Spain ?

8. Past Perfect Continues Tenses

Past perfect continues tenses is use to express something that started in the past and continued until another event happened in the past. In other words, it is a continuous occurrence in the past that stopped at another specific point in the past. Instead of being a finite past action, it refers to an something ongoing in the past.

In this example, Event A started first and continued until Event B occurred.

Event A: I had been laughing for an hour
Event B: when my friend told me to stop.

Formulas :

(+) S + had + been + V-ing

(-) S + had + not + been + V-ing

(?) Had + been + S + Ving ?

Examples :

(+) We had already been waiting for a bus when she told you she could give you a

     ride

(-) We had already not been waiting for a bus when she told you she could give you a ride

(?) Had we already been waiting for a bus when she told you she could give you a ride?

 9.    Simple Future Tenses

Simple future tense is used to show activities that are carried out in the future.

• events in the future that cannot be influenced
• spontaneous decision
• suppositions about the future
• tomorrow , if-clause type I (If you ask her, she will help you.) 
  supposition: I think, probably, perhaps.

        Formulas :

        (+) S + will +  V1 + O

        (-) S + will + not + V1 + O

        (?) Will + S + V1 + O

        Example :

        (+) He will speak

        (-) He will not speak

        (?) Will not speak ?

10.    Future Continous tense

       Future continuous tense is used to express activities that will be carried out in the future.

       action that will be taking place at a certain point in the future, certain or obvious events.

      Example time signal such us in one year, next week, tomorrow.

Formulas :

(+) S + will be + Ving + O

(-) S + Will + not + be + Ving

(?) will + S + be + Ving  + O

  

Examples :

(+) You will be practicing dancing tomorrow at six p.m

(-) You will not be practicing dancing tomorrow at six p.m

(?) Will you be practicing dancing tomorrow at six p.m

    11. Future Perfect Tenses

• Future perfect tense is used for past suppositions. in other words, what is relied upon does not happen in the past. action that will have been completed by a future time
• action that will have been completed by a future time, by Monday, in a week

Formulas :

(+) S + would + have + V3 + O

(-)  S + would + have + not + v3 + O

(?) would + S + have + v3 + O

Examples :

(+) He will have spoken

(-) He will not have spoken

(?) Will he have spoken

12.  Future Perfect Continues Tense

    It is used to express a continued or on going action that will start in future and is thought to be continued till sometime in future. Time signal such as by the end of.

      Formulas :

      

      (+) S + shall/will + have + been + V-ing

      (-) S + shall/will + not + have + been + V-ing

      (?) Shall/ will + S + have + been + V-ing

     Examples :

    (+) My mother shall have been cooking

    (-) My mother shall have been cooking

    (?) Shall my mother have been cooking?

 13.      Past Future Tense

              Used to express will in the past, action that could possibly take place. If- clause type II 

             (If I were you, I would go home). Information about time used in past future tenses such as at

             that time, two days ago, yesterday, last week.

      

      

      Formulas :

      (+)  S +  would  +  V1  +  O

      (-)  S  +  would +  not +  V1  +  O

      (?)  would  +  S  +  V1  +  O

Examples

     (+) She would watch the movie, but my mom asked her to go shoping

     (-) She would not watch the movie, but my mom asked her go to shoping

     (?) Would she watch the movie, but my mom asked her go to shoping?

 14. Past Future Continues tenses

      To express an act or event that will be taking place the past. Time signal such as at this time the          following day, at five yesteerday.

      Formulas :

      

     (+) S + should/would + be + V-ing

     (-) S + should/would + not + be + V-ing

     (?) should/would + S + be + V-ing

     Examples :

(+) We would be meeting here at five yesterday.

(-) We would not be meeting here at five yesterday.

(?) Would we be meeting here at five yesterday?

15. Past Future Perfect Tense

      The past perfect tense past is used to show the work that will be done in the past before other              work was done in the past. The use of past future perfect shows that the work is not done. Time signal such as If. 

Formulas : 

(+) S  + Would have  +  V3  +  O

(-) S + Would have  +  not  + V3  +  O

(?) Would  +  S  + have  + V3  +  O

Example  :

(+) He would have brought you a new dress

(-) He would have not brought you a new dress

(? Would have you brought a new dress ?

16. Past Future Perfect Continues tense

The past future perfect tense is a form that states an action in the past that will be completed and when the conditions are fulfilled. Time signal such as by the end of this mont.

Formulas :

(+) S + Should/Would + have + been + V-ing

(-) S + Should/would + not + have + been + V-ing

(?) Should/Whould + S + have + been + V-ing

Examples :

(+) They would have been waiting for three hours, by last Sunday

(-) They would not have been waiting for three hours, by last Sunday

(?) Would they have been waiting for three hours, by last Sunday?